@prefix sco: . @prefix bfo: . @prefix time: . @prefix skos: . @prefix prov: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix owl: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix dcterms: . # ============================================================================= # Ontology Metadata # ============================================================================= sco: a owl:Ontology ; rdfs:label "Semantic Change Ontology" ; rdfs:comment "Ontology for modeling semantic change phenomena based on comprehensive literature review" ; dcterms:creator "OntExtract Project" ; dcterms:created "2025-11-21"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:modified "2025-11-22"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:description """Models semantic change events with academic backing from: - Lexical semantic change (Hamilton 2016, Kutuzov 2018, Dubossarsky 2019, Montariol 2021) - Ontology drift (Stavropoulos 2019, Gulla 2010, Capobianco 2020) - Provenance tracking (Missier 2013 D-PROV) Integrates BFO upper ontology with PROV-O for research annotations.""" ; owl:versionInfo "2.0.0" ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation """ Hamilton et al. (2016). Diachronic Word Embeddings Reveal Statistical Laws. ACL. Stavropoulos et al. (2019). SemaDrift. Journal of Web Semantics. Dubossarsky et al. (2019). Time-Out: Temporal Referencing. ACL. Gulla et al. (2010). Semantic Drift in Ontologies. WEBIST. Tahmasebi et al. (2021). Survey of Computational Approaches. Language Science Press. """ ; owl:imports , , , . # ============================================================================= # Core Semantic Change Event Classes # ============================================================================= sco:SemanticChangeEvent a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf bfo:BFO_0000015 ; # bfo:Process rdfs:label "Semantic Change Event" ; rdfs:comment "A process by which the meaning of a term changes over time. Top-level class for all semantic change phenomena." ; skos:definition "A temporal process wherein a linguistic term undergoes modification in its semantic content, usage patterns, or conceptual associations within a discourse community." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021). Survey of Computational Approaches to Lexical Semantic Change Detection. Language Science Press." . # ============================================================================= # Specific Event Types - Original (v1.0) # ============================================================================= sco:InflectionPoint a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Inflection Point" ; rdfs:comment "Rapid semantic transition marking shift between distinct meanings. Characterized by abrupt change in term usage patterns." ; skos:definition "A semantic change event characterized by an abrupt, concentrated shift in meaning occurring within a relatively short temporal window." ; skos:example "The term 'agent' in 1995: transition from primarily human actor to computational system in AI discourse." ; skos:example "The term 'ontology' in 1993: shift from philosophical metaphysics to information science knowledge representation." ; skos:note "May be operationalized as sudden increase in semantic displacement rate (Hamilton et al. 2016)." . sco:StablePolysemy a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Stable Polysemy" ; rdfs:comment "Multiple distinct meanings coexist without conflict across disciplines. No single dominant sense emerges." ; skos:definition "A semantic state wherein a term maintains multiple distinct, stable meanings across different discourse communities without one meaning dominating or replacing others." ; skos:example "The term 'agent' in 2024: simultaneously refers to legal person (law), autonomous system (AI), and chemical catalyst (chemistry)." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Hamilton et al. (2016) discuss polysemy as driver of change; this represents stable state without active change." . sco:DomainNetwork a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Domain Network" ; rdfs:comment "Development of discipline-specific semantic network with specialized terminology." ; skos:definition "The emergence of a domain-specific constellation of meanings and related terms forming a coherent semantic network within a particular field." ; skos:example "In AI discourse, 'agent' develops associations with: percept-action loop, rationality, autonomy, multi-agent systems." . sco:ConceptualBridge a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Conceptual Bridge" ; rdfs:comment "Work or publication that mediates between different disciplinary meanings, facilitating semantic transfer." ; skos:definition "A scholarly contribution that explicitly connects or transfers meaning between different disciplinary contexts, enabling cross-domain semantic evolution." ; skos:example "Anscombe's 'Intention' (1957): bridges legal concept of agency to philosophical analysis of action." . sco:SemanticDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Semantic Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Gradual, incremental meaning change over extended period without distinct inflection point." ; skos:definition "A semantic change process characterized by slow, continuous modification of meaning over an extended temporal interval." ; skos:example "The gradual shift in 'computer' from human occupation (1920s-1940s) to electronic machine (1950s onwards)." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Hamilton et al. (2016); Gulla et al. (2010); Stavropoulos et al. (2019)." . sco:Emergence a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Emergence" ; rdfs:comment "New meaning appears in discourse, often through neologism or semantic extension." ; skos:definition "The introduction of a previously non-existent meaning or sense for a term within a discourse community." ; skos:example "Emergence of 'cloud' as distributed computing infrastructure in late 2000s." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021): 'new words are coined or borrowed from other languages'." . sco:Decline a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Decline" ; rdfs:comment "Meaning becomes obsolete, archaic, or significantly less frequent in usage." ; skos:definition "The process by which a particular sense or meaning of a term becomes progressively less common, eventually reaching obsolescence." ; skos:example "Decline of 'computer' as human occupation after widespread adoption of electronic computers." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021): 'obsolete words slide into obscurity'." . # ============================================================================= # NEW: Sentiment Change Types (Jatowt & Duh 2014) # ============================================================================= sco:Pejoration a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Pejoration" ; rdfs:comment "Semantic change toward negative sentiment or attitude (degeneration)." ; skos:definition "A semantic change event wherein a term acquires increasingly negative connotations, attitudes, or evaluative associations over time." ; skos:example "'fatal' and 'propaganda' have undergone pejoration (Jatowt & Duh 2014)." ; skos:altLabel "Degeneration"@en ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Jatowt & Duh (2014). Framework for analyzing semantic change. JCDL. Bloomfield (1933) nine classes." . sco:Amelioration a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Amelioration" ; rdfs:comment "Semantic change toward positive sentiment or attitude (elevation)." ; skos:definition "A semantic change event wherein a term acquires increasingly positive connotations, attitudes, or evaluative associations over time." ; skos:example "'aggressive' has undergone amelioration, acquiring positive connotations in business/sports contexts (Jatowt & Duh 2014)." ; skos:altLabel "Elevation"@en ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Jatowt & Duh (2014). Framework for analyzing semantic change. JCDL. Bloomfield (1933) nine classes." . # ============================================================================= # NEW: Linguistic vs Cultural Change (Kutuzov 2018) # ============================================================================= sco:LinguisticDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticDrift ; rdfs:label "Linguistic Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Slow, regular changes in core meaning driven by internal linguistic factors." ; skos:definition "Semantic drift resulting from language-internal motivations and systematic patterns of meaning evolution." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Kutuzov et al. (2018). Diachronic word embeddings and semantic shifts: a survey. COLING." . sco:CulturalShift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Cultural Shift" ; rdfs:comment "Culturally determined changes in word associations, not core meaning." ; skos:definition "Semantic change driven by external cultural, societal, or technological factors affecting a term's associations rather than its core denotation." ; skos:example "Iraq/Syria acquiring war-related associations (Kutuzov 2018)." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Kutuzov et al. (2018). Distinguishes cultural shifts from linguistic drifts." . # ============================================================================= # NEW: Ontology Drift Types (Gulla 2010, Stavropoulos 2019, Capobianco 2020) # ============================================================================= sco:IntrinsicDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticDrift ; rdfs:label "Intrinsic Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Concept's semantic value changes relative to OTHER concepts in the ontology." ; skos:definition "Semantic drift wherein a concept's meaning shifts with respect to its relationships with other concepts within the same ontology, typically reflected in changed relationships." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Gulla et al. (2010). Semantic Drift in Ontologies. WEBIST." . sco:ExtrinsicDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticDrift ; rdfs:label "Extrinsic Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Concept's semantic value changes relative to real-world phenomena it describes." ; skos:definition "Semantic drift wherein a concept's meaning shifts with respect to the external reality or phenomena it represents, potentially without internal ontology changes." ; skos:note "If whole ontology shows extrinsic but not intrinsic drift, indicates collective drift (domain evolved, ontology internally consistent)." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Gulla et al. (2010). Semantic Drift in Ontologies. WEBIST." . sco:CollectiveDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:ExtrinsicDrift ; rdfs:label "Collective Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Entire ontology drifts consistently together; domain evolved but ontology remains internally coherent." ; skos:definition "A pattern of semantic drift wherein all concepts in an ontology exhibit extrinsic drift but minimal intrinsic drift, indicating domain-wide evolution with preserved internal consistency." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Gulla et al. (2010). Concept exposed to extrinsic but not intrinsic drift." . sco:LabelDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Label Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes in the lexical labels (names) of a concept." ; skos:definition "Semantic change affecting the rdfs:label or naming of a concept, measured via string similarity (Monge-Elkan)." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Wang et al. (2009, 2011); Stavropoulos et al. (2019). SemaDrift." . sco:IntensionalDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Intensional Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes in concept properties (characteristics implied by the concept)." ; skos:definition "Semantic change affecting the intensional definition of a concept via modifications to its properties, measured via Jaccard similarity of property sets." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Wang et al. (2009, 2011); Stavropoulos et al. (2019). SemaDrift." . sco:ExtensionalDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Extensional Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes in concept instances (things the concept extends to)." ; skos:definition "Semantic change affecting the extensional definition of a concept via modifications to its instances, measured via Jaccard similarity of instance sets." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Wang et al. (2009, 2011); Stavropoulos et al. (2019). SemaDrift." . sco:StructuralDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Structural Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes to ontology structure: hierarchy, URIs, equivalences." ; skos:definition "Semantic change affecting the structural aspects of an ontology including URIs, class hierarchies, and equivalence relationships." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Capobianco et al. (2020). OntoDrift. MEPDaW@ISWC." . sco:URIDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:StructuralDrift ; rdfs:label "URI Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes to concept identifiers/URIs." ; skos:definition "Modifications to the URI or identifier of an ontology concept, affecting referenceability and version stability." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Capobianco et al. (2020). OntoDrift adds URI metric." . sco:SubclassDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:StructuralDrift ; rdfs:label "Subclass Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes to taxonomic children (specializations below concept)." ; skos:definition "Changes in the subclass relationships of a concept, affecting the taxonomic structure below it in the hierarchy." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Capobianco et al. (2020). OntoDrift adds Subclasses metric." . sco:SuperclassDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:StructuralDrift ; rdfs:label "Superclass Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes to taxonomic parents (generalizations above concept)." ; skos:definition "Changes in the superclass relationships of a concept, indicating reclassification or generalization shifts in the taxonomy." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Capobianco et al. (2020). OntoDrift adds Superclasses metric." . sco:EquivalentClassDrift a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:StructuralDrift ; rdfs:label "Equivalent Class Drift" ; rdfs:comment "Changes to owl:equivalentClass relationships." ; skos:definition "Modifications to equivalence mappings between concepts, affecting ontology alignment and integration." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Capobianco et al. (2020). OntoDrift adds Equivalent Classes metric." . # ============================================================================= # NEW: Lexical Lifecycle Events (Tahmasebi 2021) # ============================================================================= sco:LexicalEmergence a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:Emergence ; rdfs:label "Lexical Emergence" ; rdfs:comment "New word coined or borrowed from other language." ; skos:definition "The introduction of an entirely new lexical item (word form) into a language through coinage or borrowing." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021): 'new words are coined or borrowed from other languages'." . sco:LexicalObsolescence a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:Decline ; rdfs:label "Lexical Obsolescence" ; rdfs:comment "Word slides into obscurity, becomes archaic." ; skos:definition "The process by which a lexical item falls out of common usage and becomes obsolete or archaic." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021): 'obsolete words slide into obscurity'." . sco:LexicalReplacement a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Lexical Replacement" ; rdfs:comment "One word replaces another for expressing the same concept." ; skos:definition "A semantic change process wherein one lexical item supplants another in expressing a particular meaning or concept." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021). Lexical replacement patterns." . # ============================================================================= # NEW: Sense-Level vs Word-Level (Montariol 2021) # ============================================================================= sco:WordLevelChange a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Word-Level Change" ; rdfs:comment "Aggregate semantic change across all senses of a word." ; skos:definition "Semantic change measured at the word level, aggregating changes across all senses and usages." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Montariol et al. (2021). Scalable and Interpretable Semantic Change Detection. NAACL." . sco:SenseLevelChange a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:label "Sense-Level Change" ; rdfs:comment "Semantic change in a specific word sense/usage." ; skos:definition "Semantic change measured at the sense level, tracking evolution of specific word meanings or usages identified through clustering." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Montariol et al. (2021). Cluster-based sense-level analysis." . # ============================================================================= # Object Properties # ============================================================================= sco:affectsConcept a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "affects concept" ; rdfs:comment "Links a semantic change event to the term/concept undergoing change." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range skos:Concept ; skos:definition "Relates a semantic change event to the linguistic concept or term that is the subject of the change." . sco:occursDuringInterval a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "occurs during interval" ; rdfs:comment "Links semantic change event to the temporal interval when it occurred." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range time:Interval ; skos:definition "Specifies the temporal region during which a semantic change event took place." . sco:hasFromMeaning a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has from meaning" ; rdfs:comment "The original or source meaning before the semantic change." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range skos:Concept ; skos:definition "Indicates the semantic content or meaning that served as the starting point for a semantic change event." . sco:hasToMeaning a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has to meaning" ; rdfs:comment "The new or target meaning after the semantic change." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range skos:Concept ; skos:definition "Indicates the semantic content or meaning that resulted from a semantic change event." . sco:evidencedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "evidenced by" ; rdfs:comment "Links semantic change event to documentary evidence supporting its identification." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range bfo:BFO_0000016 ; # bfo:InformationContentEntity (documents) skos:definition "Associates a semantic change event with a document or information artifact that provides evidence for the change." . sco:hasTextualEvidence a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has textual evidence" ; rdfs:comment "Links to specific text segment providing evidence for semantic change." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:subPropertyOf sco:evidencedBy ; skos:definition "Relates a semantic change event to a specific textual passage that exemplifies or evidences the change." . sco:occursInDomain a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "occurs in domain" ; rdfs:comment "The disciplinary or discourse domain where semantic change occurs." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range skos:Concept ; skos:definition "Specifies the academic discipline, professional field, or discourse community within which a semantic change event manifests." . # NEW Properties sco:hasCause a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has cause" ; rdfs:comment "Links semantic change to its driving cause (external or internal)." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; skos:definition "Relates a semantic change event to the causal factor that drove the change." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021). External vs internal drivers." . sco:hasExternalCause a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf sco:hasCause ; rdfs:label "has external cause" ; rdfs:comment "External driver: cultural, societal, or technological change." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021): 'external factors such as cultural, societal and technological changes'." . sco:hasInternalCause a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf sco:hasCause ; rdfs:label "has internal cause" ; rdfs:comment "Internal linguistic motivations for semantic change." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Tahmasebi et al. (2021): 'only partially understood internal motivations'." . sco:hasSenseCluster a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has sense cluster" ; rdfs:comment "Links change event to specific sense cluster identified via embedding clustering." ; rdfs:domain sco:SenseLevelChange ; skos:definition "Associates a sense-level semantic change with the cluster of contextual embeddings representing that sense." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Montariol et al. (2021). Cluster-based sense identification." . sco:usesDetectionMethod a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "uses detection method" ; rdfs:comment "The computational method used to detect/measure this semantic change." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range sco:DetectionMethod ; skos:definition "Specifies the analytical or computational approach employed to identify and characterize a semantic change event." . sco:hasControlCondition a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has control condition" ; rdfs:comment "Reference to control/null condition for validating genuine vs. artifact change." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Dubossarsky et al. (2017, 2019). Control condition requirement." . sco:usesExternalKnowledgeBase a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "uses external knowledge base" ; rdfs:comment "External knowledge source consulted for semantic correspondence." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Maree & Belkhatir (2015). Multi-source aggregation." . sco:hasWorkflowStructure a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has workflow structure" ; rdfs:comment "Links semantic change detection to process design (prospective provenance)." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range prov:Plan ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Missier et al. (2013). D-PROV workflow structure." . sco:hasProcessSpecification a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has process specification" ; rdfs:comment "Prospective provenance: HOW change should be detected." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range prov:Plan ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Missier et al. (2013). D-PROV prospective provenance." . sco:hasExecutionTrace a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has execution trace" ; rdfs:comment "Retrospective provenance: WHAT was actually detected." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range prov:Activity ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Missier et al. (2013). D-PROV retrospective provenance." . # ============================================================================= # Datatype Properties # ============================================================================= sco:hasConfidence a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "has confidence" ; rdfs:comment "Researcher's confidence in the semantic change annotation (0.0-1.0)." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:float ; skos:definition "A numerical value between 0.0 and 1.0 indicating the annotator's confidence in the identification and classification of a semantic change event." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Hamilton et al. (2016) use statistical significance (p < 0.05) for validation." . sco:hasStartYear a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "has start year" ; rdfs:comment "Calendar year when semantic change began (for query convenience)." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:integer ; skos:definition "The calendar year marking the beginning of a semantic change event, cached from temporal interval for efficient querying." . sco:hasEndYear a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "has end year" ; rdfs:comment "Calendar year when semantic change completed or stabilized (for query convenience)." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:integer ; skos:definition "The calendar year marking the conclusion or stabilization of a semantic change event, cached from temporal interval for efficient querying." . sco:hasDescription a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "has description" ; rdfs:comment "Human-readable description of the semantic change event." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; skos:definition "A natural language description explaining the nature, context, and significance of a semantic change event." . # NEW Datatype Properties sco:hasSentimentDirection a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "has sentiment direction" ; rdfs:comment "Direction of sentiment change: pejoration, amelioration, or neutral." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Jatowt & Duh (2014). Sentiment orientation level." . sco:hasTemporalScale a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "has temporal scale" ; rdfs:comment "Scale of temporal span: centuries, decades, years, months." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; skos:definition "The characteristic timescale over which a semantic change event unfolds." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Montariol (2021): COVID-19 (months) vs COHA (centuries)." . sco:passesControlTest a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "passes control test" ; rdfs:comment "Boolean: whether change observed in genuine but not control condition." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:boolean ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Dubossarsky et al. (2017). Control condition validation." . sco:controlledForArtifacts a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "controlled for artifacts" ; rdfs:comment "Boolean: whether detection method controlled for frequency/polysemy artifacts." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:boolean ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Dubossarsky et al. (2019). Alignment artifacts." . sco:hasURIStability a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "has URI stability" ; rdfs:comment "Measure of identifier consistency (0.0-1.0); 1.0 = no URI changes." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:float ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Capobianco et al. (2020). URI stability as quality metric." . sco:isSynthetic a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "is synthetic" ; rdfs:comment "Boolean: whether this is synthetic (simulated) or authentic (real) semantic change." ; rdfs:domain sco:SemanticChangeEvent ; rdfs:range xsd:boolean ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Dubossarsky et al. (2019). Synthetic task for method validation." . # ============================================================================= # Detection Method Classes (for methodology tracking) # ============================================================================= sco:DetectionMethod a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Detection Method" ; rdfs:comment "A computational or analytical approach for detecting semantic change." ; skos:definition "A systematic methodology for identifying and measuring semantic change phenomena." . sco:TemporalReferencingMethod a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:DetectionMethod ; rdfs:label "Temporal Referencing Method" ; rdfs:comment "Avoids alignment by using single vector space with temporal tags (word_1910, word_1920, etc.)." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Dubossarsky et al. (2019). Time-Out. Superior to alignment-based methods." . sco:AlignmentBasedMethod a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:DetectionMethod ; rdfs:label "Alignment-Based Method" ; rdfs:comment "Aligns embeddings across time periods (e.g., Orthogonal Procrustes). May introduce artifacts." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Hamilton et al. (2016); Dubossarsky et al. (2019) show alignment introduces noise." . sco:ClusterBasedMethod a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:DetectionMethod ; rdfs:label "Cluster-Based Method" ; rdfs:comment "Clusters contextual embeddings to identify word senses, then tracks sense evolution." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Montariol et al. (2021). Scalable clustering for sense-level analysis." . sco:SignatureBasedMethod a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:DetectionMethod ; rdfs:label "Signature-Based Method" ; rdfs:comment "Constructs concept signatures from usage patterns in documents, tracks signature evolution." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Gulla et al. (2010). Usage-based drift detection." . sco:HybridMethod a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf sco:DetectionMethod ; rdfs:label "Hybrid Method" ; rdfs:comment "Combines text similarity, structural similarity, and other approaches." ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Stavropoulos et al. (2019). SemaDrift hybrid approach." . # ============================================================================= # Integration with PROV-O (D-PROV extensions) # ============================================================================= # Note: PROV-O classes and properties are imported, not redefined # Semantic change events can be linked to PROV-O provenance: # # RETROSPECTIVE PROVENANCE (what actually happened): # - prov:wasAttributedTo -> links event to researcher who identified it # - prov:wasGeneratedBy -> links event to annotation activity # - prov:wasDerivedFrom -> links event to source document analysis # - prov:used -> links annotation activity to source documents # # PROSPECTIVE PROVENANCE (what should happen - D-PROV): # - prov:Plan -> process specification for detection method # - sco:hasWorkflowStructure -> links to workflow design # - sco:hasProcessSpecification -> intended detection process # - sco:hasExecutionTrace -> actual execution log # # Reference: Missier et al. (2013). D-PROV: Extending PROV with Workflow Structure. # ============================================================================= # Annotation Guidelines (as OWL annotations) # ============================================================================= sco: rdfs:seeAlso ; rdfs:comment """ ANNOTATION GUIDELINES (Evidence-Based) v2.0 1. Event Type Selection: ORIGINAL TYPES (v1.0): - InflectionPoint: Rapid change (< 5 years typically) - StablePolysemy: Multiple meanings coexist without conflict - DomainNetwork: Term develops field-specific semantic cluster - ConceptualBridge: Works that explicitly connect disciplines - SemanticDrift: Gradual change (> 10 years) - Emergence: New meaning appears - Decline: Meaning becomes obsolete SENTIMENT TYPES (Jatowt & Duh 2014): - Pejoration: Negative attitude development (e.g., "propaganda") - Amelioration: Positive attitude development (e.g., "aggressive" in business) LINGUISTIC TYPES (Kutuzov 2018): - LinguisticDrift: Language-internal, slow core meaning change - CulturalShift: External cultural/social associations change ONTOLOGY DRIFT (Gulla 2010, Stavropoulos 2019, Capobianco 2020): - IntrinsicDrift: Change relative to other ontology concepts - ExtrinsicDrift: Change relative to real-world phenomena - CollectiveDrift: Whole domain drifts together - LabelDrift: rdfs:label changes - IntensionalDrift: Property changes - ExtensionalDrift: Instance changes - StructuralDrift: Hierarchy/URI/equivalence changes LEXICAL LIFECYCLE (Tahmasebi 2021): - LexicalEmergence: New word coined/borrowed - LexicalObsolescence: Word becomes archaic - LexicalReplacement: One word supplants another GRANULARITY (Montariol 2021): - WordLevelChange: Aggregate across all senses - SenseLevelChange: Specific usage/sense tracked 2. Evidence Requirements: - Minimum: 2 documents from different time periods - Preferred: Explicit discussion of term usage in scholarly work - Ideal: Quantitative frequency data + qualitative analysis - Control: Test on randomized corpus (Dubossarsky 2017/2019) 3. Confidence Scores (Hamilton et al. 2016 significance levels): - 0.9-1.0: Strong textual evidence, clear temporal boundaries, p < 0.01 - 0.7-0.9: Good evidence, approximate boundaries, p < 0.05 - 0.5-0.7: Suggestive evidence, uncertain boundaries - < 0.5: Speculative, requires further investigation 4. Temporal Precision: - Use OWL-Time intervals when possible - For approximate dating, use decade-level granularity - Document uncertainty in description field - Specify hasTemporalScale: centuries|decades|years|months 5. Detection Method Tracking (REQUIRED for reproducibility): - usesDetectionMethod: specify method class - controlledForArtifacts: true if frequency/polysemy controlled - passesControlTest: true if validated against null condition - isSynthetic: true if simulated change, false if authentic 6. Provenance Tracking (D-PROV - Missier 2013): - PROSPECTIVE: hasProcessSpecification (how change SHOULD be detected) - RETROSPECTIVE: hasExecutionTrace (what WAS actually detected) - Enables reproducibility and method comparison 7. Cause Attribution (Tahmasebi 2021): - hasExternalCause: cultural, societal, technological factors - hasInternalCause: linguistic motivations - Document evidence for causal claims 8. Academic References: - Cite supporting literature in dcterms:bibliographicCitation - Include DOI or permanent URL when available - Reference specific page numbers for direct quotes """ .